Also see professional content regarding feline leukemia virus Feline Leukemia Virus and Related Diseases read more. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in as a service to the community.
This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Common Veterinary Topics. Videos Figures Images Quizzes. Test your knowledge. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common neoplasm in several species. Ocular squamous cell carcinoma is most common in animals with light pigmentation around the eyes, because sun exposure is one of several predisposing factors.
More Content. All kittens at their first veterinary visit. All cats in an existing household prior to admission of a new, uninfected cat. Was This Page Helpful? Yes No. Feline Panleukopenia. Feline Leishmaniosis.
The last dose of the initial vaccination series should not be administered before the kitten is 16 weeks old, to allow time for interfering maternal antibodies to wane so they do not inactivate the modified-live vaccine virus. A followup vaccine dose at 26—52 weeks is a new recommendation, because some kittens have residual interfering antibodies, even at 16 weeks, sufficient to prevent successful immunization.
Exposure to virus should be avoided until 1 week after the initial vaccination series has been completed. Adult cats should be revaccinated against FPV triennially or less frequently thereafter, although some manufacturers in some countries continue to recommend annual revaccination.
Titer testing kits are commercially available to detect when individual cats are immune to feline panleukopenia. These can be used as an alternative to repeated, scheduled vaccinations, for clients who prefer that option. Feline panleukopenia has a noticeably worse prognosis than CPV enteritis. It is not certain that the care routinely provided to cats with panleukopenia is equally as intense as that provided to dogs with CPV enteritis and that any difference would be reflected in these various reports.
Studies have identified a variety of sometimes contradictory prognostic indicators in cats with feline panleukopenia. In one study, cats with hypothermia, lethargy, and low body weight at the time of admission fared worse. A majority of infections are subclinical. In cats that do become ill, clinical signs include high fever, profound depression, and anorexia. Many affected cats vomit, and some develop diarrhea.
Only a minority have hemorrhagic diarrhea. Diagnosis is based on compatible clinical findings, including leukopenia, in an inadequately vaccinated kitten. Fecal antigen detection kits intended for diagnosis of CPV enteritis can also be used to diagnose feline panleukopenia. The sensitivity is moderate, and specificity is high.
Treatment includes fluid, electrolyte, and glucose supplementation; antiemetic therapy; antibiotics; and anthelmintics. AVMA disease information sheet. Also see pet health content regarding feline panleukopenia Feline Panleukopenia Feline panleukopenia also called feline infectious enteritis or feline distemper is a highly contagious, often fatal, viral disease of cats.
Feline panleukopenia From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in as a service to the community. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.
Common Veterinary Topics. Videos Figures Images Quizzes. Etiology, Transmission, and Pathogenesis. Clinical Findings. Treatment, Prevention, and Prognosis. Key Points. For More Information. Test your knowledge. Anaerobic clostridial bacteria release toxins that can cause severe localized and systemic disease, many of which can be fatal if untreated.
Which one of the following clostridial diseases results in intravascular hemolysis, hemolytic anemia, and hemoglobinuria in cattle? More Content. Those cats that do become ill are usually. Physical examination typically reveals profound depression, dehydration, and sometimes abdominal pain. Mortality is highest in kittens.
There are typically few gross lesions due to feline panleukopenia, although dehydration is usually marked. If antineoplastic therapy is planned, it is important to distinguish neoplasia from neuropathy. Stomatitis is more classically associated with FIV infection, but FeLV infection can also predispose cats to chronic ulcerative proliferative gingivostomatitis. Clinical sequelae include pain, anorexia, and tooth loss.
An immune-mediated mechanism is likely, particularly in combination with coinfections such as feline calicivirus. Testing for FeLV infection is recommended when cats are first acquired, before vaccination against FeLV, if there has been potential exposure or bite wound from a cat of unknown or positive retroviral status; annually if they live in a household with FeLV-positive cats; before blood donation; and regularly if they have outdoor access.
For cats entering a new home or known to be at high risk of exposure, testing should be repeated 30 days after the first test in case of recent infection that has not yet resulted in detectable circulating antigen. Documentation of a previous negative test does not negate the need for repeat testing in the above situations. Prior vaccination does not interfere with diagnostic testing unless performed immediately before blood collection for antigen testing.
Virus isolation is considered the gold standard diagnostic test but is not generally available to private practitioners. ELISA or other point-of care antigen test kits can be used in the veterinary clinic to detect the presence of soluble FeLV p27 antigen in whole blood or serum using a lateral flow test kit or a multi-well plate. Saliva and tears are not considered to be reliable samples for testing purposes. In clinical practice, peripheral blood smears are usually used for IFA, but cytologic preparations of bone marrow or other tissues can also be used.
IFA requires submission to a diagnostic laboratory and cannot detect infection until bone marrow involvement occurs. False-negative test results may occur because of leukopenia or lack of bone marrow involvement, whereas technical error is most often the cause of false-positive results.
Historically, cats with nonregenerative anemia or other cytopenias and negative FeLV antigen tests on blood samples were subjected to bone marrow testing in search of occult FeLV infections. Several recent studies have indicated this is unnecessary, because cats with FeLV-associated bone marrow suppression invariably have positive results on blood tests.
These cats are generally considered presumptively infected and potential sources of infection until further clarification is possible. Standard recommendations to resolve discordant testing dictate repeating both tests in 30—60 days using serum instead of whole blood. It is not uncommon for cats, especially kittens, to test negative on a subsequent test. This could indicate a false-positive on the first test, a false-negative on the second test, or development of a regressive or abortive infection status.
Once a single positive test result has been obtained, it can be difficult to ever know the true status of the cat, even if subsequent tests are negative. PCR testing on whole blood, bone marrow, and other tissues is increasingly available through diagnostic laboratories, although validated sensitivity and specificity studies are often lacking. Real-time PCR offers great potential to provide extremely sensitive detection of FeLV rapidly after infection and can be useful to detect regressive infections and resolve conflicting test results if a positive result is obtained.
Diagnosis of FeLV-induced neoplasia is similar to that of other tumors. Cytologic examination of fine-needle aspirates of masses, lymph nodes, body cavity fluids eg, pleural effusion , and affected organs may reveal malignant lymphocytes. Bone marrow examination may reveal leukemic involvement, even when the peripheral blood appears normal.
Biopsy with histopathologic examination of abnormal tissues is often necessary for diagnostic confirmation. Cellular phenotyping via flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, or other techniques can provide additional diagnostic information. In vitro studies have yielded cautiously promising results suggesting virus-suppressing activity of FDA-approved drugs used to treat HIV and other myelodysplastic syndromes against FeLV virus eg, raltegravir, tenofovir, gemcitabine, decitabine.
Further research is needed to demonstrate efficacy and safety in vivo and in field trials, as well as to address affordability of these drugs for most cat owners. Feline interferon omega and human interferon alpha have been associated with improved survival, but concerns surrounding availability, cost, and absence of strong evidence in controlled field studies have limited their widespread integration into standard treatment protocols for FeLV.
Anecdotal reports of various antiviral and immunotherapeutic agents to reverse viremia, improve clinical signs, and prolong survival are abundant. Controlled studies using naturally infected cats have either not been performed or have not confirmed anecdotal observations. Treatment efficacy must be demonstrated in controlled clinical trials, because spontaneous reversion to seronegative status or prolonged survival is not uncommon, even in the absence of medical treatment.
Some FeLV-positive cats can live without major disease complications for years with routine prophylactic care, good husbandry, minimal stress, and avoidance of secondary infections. Infected cats should be kept strictly indoors to reduce the risk of exposure to infectious agents and to prevent transmission of the virus to other cats.
Routine vaccinations should be administered based on individual risk assessment and in compliance with local laws. Use of inactivated vaccines could be considered because of concerns regarding use of live vaccines reverting to virulence in immunocompromised animals, although this does not appear to be common.
FeLV vaccinations should not be administered, because there is no evidence to suggest a benefit after infection. Physical examinations focusing on external parasites, skin infections, dental disease, lymph node size, and body weight should be performed semiannually, along with a routine program for parasite control and annual fecal, CBC, chemistry panel, and urinalysis testing.
All infected cats should be neutered. Owners should be advised to watch for signs of FeLV-related disease, particularly secondary infections.
Although FeLV-positive cats often respond well to treatment, therapy for such infections or other illnesses should be early and aggressive because of immunocompromise.
Because FeLV is historically associated with rapid and grave disease, the modern prognosis varies considerably depending on husbandry, veterinary care, and individual immune system variation.
Large-scale studies have demonstrated an average survival of 2. Progression of disease is much more rapid in kittens, whereas some adult cats remain healthy for many years and may succumb to conditions unrelated to their retroviral status. Feline lymphoma can be treated with cytotoxic drugs. These drugs may cause significant toxicities if not dosed and administered properly.
Most cytotoxic drugs are also carcinogens and must be handled properly. Before administering these drugs, veterinarians should familiarize themselves with proper dosing and administration procedures, appropriate monitoring of the patient, toxicities and complications, and safe handling to prevent exposure of veterinary personnel and owners to the agents and their metabolites. FeLV-negative cats that attain a complete remission live an average of 9 mo, whereas survival among FeLV-positive cats averages 6 mo.
Cats not treated or those not responding to treatment survive an average of 2—6 wk. Many protocols for treatment of feline lymphoma have been published; most use similar drugs with differing schedules of administration. One widely used protocol consists of an intensive induction phase vincristine weekly for 4 wk, cyclophosphamide every 3 wk on the same day as vincristine, and prednisolone daily , followed by a less intensive maintenance phase vincristine and cyclophosphamide given every 3 wk on the same day, and prednisolone continued daily.
Treatment is continued for 1 yr or until relapse. Changing the maintenance protocol to doxorubicin every 3 wk provided an average remission of days. When relapse occurs, the drug regimen can be changed and a second remission achieved; however, second remissions seldom last as long as the first.
Another popular chemotherapy protocol involves an initial treatment with L -asparaginase and vincristine. Treatment is continued with daily prednisolone and alternating doses of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and doxorubicin for a total of three cycles.
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