Wendy has not told anyone about this situation, although she and Stev Jenny has come to counselling due to strong feelings of dissatisfaction with her life. She is 48 years old, unemployed and does not hold much hope of employment in the future. She has worked in the past at restaurants, in pubs and as a cleaner at a Motel. She said that she could not see any positive changes in her future and was concerned that she would live out her days caring for her son, having Marian, a psychologist who specialised in anxiety disorders, closed the file and put it into the filing cabinet with a smile on her face.
By Leanne Chapman Melody is a 45 year old professional woman who is divorced with no children. Over the last 2 years since her divorce she had been experiencing low levels of confidence along with feelings of dissatisfaction and lack of direction in her career and personal life. She also reports losing trust in others and has begun to avoid social activities. While working with Melody, the Profess This question has always posed a fascination for me. I have often wondered whether individuals are simply born with the skills to cope with the difficulties that life often presents or whether there are a set of stress-coping skills that individuals can learn.
By Leanne Chapman Jodie is a 40 year old woman who is married with three children and works full-time in a professional career.
John might have been exasperated as he sees himself unable to carry on the family future hope. The thought of his fathers sickness who is suppose to be his role model, the family financial pressure and, the death of his grand mother could be some of the issues that might account for Johns depression, disappointment, lack of self-worth, anxious and self-guilt.
Though the family value of putting on a brave face was no longer be working for John. The attitude of Johns mother did not help the situation because she had to let family be soaked and drain in emotional and psychological pains. Rather than confront headlong the family issues she let them pretend in silent and endure psychological pains.
Johns psychological problem became evident right from the moment of his first visit to the counselling therapist. He lacked confidence, was depressed and anxious as he sat with his head down.
According to Boyd, , p. The humanistic client centered therapeutic approach is the best suited for dealing with Johns multiple psychological problems. This is what John requires because the objective is to help him become more authentic and truly himself. The basis for the client-centered counselling as designed by Carl Roger is that it encourages self-determination, which is the ability of the client to reflect on issues and take positive action.
In Johns situation, the humanistic therapist recognizes that he has his own individual experiences and different perception to those experiences. And that the therapist work involves helping and assisting John to take the responsibility of finding meanings in his own life and become congruent since part of his psychological problem stems from his being incongruent Nairne, , p.
The humanistic client centered therapy which has its root in phenomenology and some components of existentialism believes that the goal of every person is rooted in self-actualizing tendency Nicholas, , pp. The psychological problem faced by John requires that the therapist be aware of his sensitivity and as such avoid being judgmental. In addition, it requires the therapist to show unconditional positive regard, empathy, understanding, active listening, being congruent on the part of the therapist in helping John.
These techniques and skills are what humanistic therapy embodies and if applied rightly in Johns situation; it will help to resolve his inner conflict and help him become truly authentic. This approach is in line with what Rogers meant when he said; humanistic client-centered therapy is a self-directed growth process with the idea of an organic 3.
The objective of the client-based therapy is to empower John with the ability to overcome and build the capacity for agreement between his idealized self and actual self. It is to help and enable him have a better self-understanding and to foster more positive and comfortable relationships between John and others.
The expected result will be increased capacity on Johns part to experience and express his feelings which have been characterized with sense of failure, guilt and insecurity. If John is to benefit wholly from the therapy, the therapist has to assist him to fulfill his innate capacity to become everything his genetic potential allows him to become, so as for him to re-emerge as a self-fulfilled person. Johns inherent and intrinsic tendencies toward self-actualization can only be realized if according to Rogers, the therapist in his role is able to apply the following skills; being congruent, show unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding toward John.
Regardless of Johns personal action which may have contributed to his psychological problem, what is important is for the therapist to show him unconditional positive regard.
As a therapist the focus must be how to help John achieve personal growth through self-improvement and selfknowledge which eventually will guarantee him true happiness Brandell, , p. Taking into consideration the nature of Johns psychological problem and the initial assessment of him using the humanistic theoretical approach, one begins to see a true picture of what went wrong with John. It is possible to summarize the experience of John as a person who is experiencing conflict, because of the incongruence in his projection of true self and false self.
Johns consistent total experience cannot be said to be consistent with his self-concept and selfimage. Johns experience led him to some level of denial and twisting of perception even though he is fully aware of his experience nevertheless in a distorted manner.
Johns experience indicates that he is incongruent and it is possible that he is not aware of that. John's inability to comprehend the full extent of his incongruence makes him even more vulnerable to anxiety and disorientation. It leads him to become defensive each time his experience threatens his selfconcept and makes him to experience low self-esteem. According to Corey, , there are six core conditions necessary and equally sufficient for personality changes to in a person-centered therapy.
First the therapist has to understand that for John to achieve any positive result out of the therapy both the client and the therapist must be in contact. The second condition is that while John is in a state of 4. The therapist congruency will help John to be aware of how human reality can be influenced by past experience, present perceptions, and future expectations. According to Schor, , p. The fourth condition demands that the therapist experience unconditional positive regard for the client; and the fifth condition requires that the client experience empathy for the clients internal frame of reference to the extent that the client perceives of it.
The sixth condition demands that the therapist ensures that a level of communication is achieved. Therefore in Johns situation the therapist can become an active listener, show empathy, being congruent and show unconditional positive regard. According to Rogers, for the active listening technique to work it requires the therapist to be an intense listener. As Cournoyer, , p. It is a form of feedback process that involves being able to listen, reflect and communicate back to the patient.
This technique is important in Johns situation because it helps John to speak more openly and freely about his condition. Another technique that is needed in Johns situation is empathy. Empathy as a therapeutic technique, conveys a sense of being heard and understood, it means identifying with the client in his condition.
Johns condition requires also unconditional positive regard from the therapist; it is careful acceptance of Johns feelings and thoughts without being judgmental. It is total acceptance of John without evaluating or censoring, and without disapproving of any of his feelings, actions, or characteristics. Such technique if applied to John would increase his self-respect, self-worth and self-acceptance and lead him to greater self-understanding.
The last technique necessary in Johns situation is the therapist being congruent. In order for the therapist to express genuineness, it is vital for the therapist to focus on the here and now and not on the clients previous and past experience.
In addition, it requires the therapist to show unconditional positive regard, empathy, understanding, active listening, being congruent on the part of the therapist in helping John. These techniques and skills are what humanistic therapy embodies and if applied rightly in Johns situation; it will help to resolve his inner conflict and help him become truly authentic.
This approach is in line with what Rogers meant when he said; humanistic client-centered therapy is a self-directed growth process with the idea of an organic 3. The objective of the client-based therapy is to empower John with the ability to overcome and build the capacity for agreement between his idealized self and actual self. It is to help and enable him have a better self-understanding and to foster more positive and comfortable relationships between John and others.
The expected result will be increased capacity on Johns part to experience and express his feelings which have been characterized with sense of failure, guilt and insecurity.
If John is to benefit wholly from the therapy, the therapist has to assist him to fulfill his innate capacity to become everything his genetic potential allows him to become, so as for him to re-emerge as a self-fulfilled person.
Johns inherent and intrinsic tendencies toward self-actualization can only be realized if according to Rogers, the therapist in his role is able to apply the following skills; being congruent, show unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding toward John.
Regardless of Johns personal action which may have contributed to his psychological problem, what is important is for the therapist to show him unconditional positive regard. As a therapist the focus must be how to help John achieve personal growth through self-improvement and selfknowledge which eventually will guarantee him true happiness Brandell, , p. Taking into consideration the nature of Johns psychological problem and the initial assessment of him using the humanistic theoretical approach, one begins to see a true picture of what went wrong with John.
It is possible to summarize the experience of John as a person who is experiencing conflict, because of the incongruence in his projection of true self and false self. Johns consistent total experience cannot be said to be consistent with his self-concept and selfimage. Johns experience led him to some level of denial and twisting of perception even though he is fully aware of his experience nevertheless in a distorted manner.
Johns experience indicates that he is incongruent and it is possible that he is not aware of that. John's inability to comprehend the full extent of his incongruence makes him even more vulnerable to anxiety and disorientation. It leads him to become defensive each time his experience threatens his selfconcept and makes him to experience low self-esteem.
According to Corey, , there are six core conditions necessary and equally sufficient for personality changes to in a person-centered therapy. First the therapist has to understand that for John to achieve any positive result out of the therapy both the client and the therapist must be in contact.
The second condition is that while John is in a state of 4. The therapist congruency will help John to be aware of how human reality can be influenced by past experience, present perceptions, and future expectations. According to Schor, , p. The fourth condition demands that the therapist experience unconditional positive regard for the client; and the fifth condition requires that the client experience empathy for the clients internal frame of reference to the extent that the client perceives of it.
The sixth condition demands that the therapist ensures that a level of communication is achieved. Therefore in Johns situation the therapist can become an active listener, show empathy, being congruent and show unconditional positive regard. According to Rogers, for the active listening technique to work it requires the therapist to be an intense listener.
As Cournoyer, , p. It is a form of feedback process that involves being able to listen, reflect and communicate back to the patient. This technique is important in Johns situation because it helps John to speak more openly and freely about his condition. Another technique that is needed in Johns situation is empathy. Empathy as a therapeutic technique, conveys a sense of being heard and understood, it means identifying with the client in his condition.
Johns condition requires also unconditional positive regard from the therapist; it is careful acceptance of Johns feelings and thoughts without being judgmental. It is total acceptance of John without evaluating or censoring, and without disapproving of any of his feelings, actions, or characteristics.
Such technique if applied to John would increase his self-respect, self-worth and self-acceptance and lead him to greater self-understanding. The last technique necessary in Johns situation is the therapist being congruent. In order for the therapist to express genuineness, it is vital for the therapist to focus on the here and now and not on the clients previous and past experience. Being congruence implies 5.
Being congruent, entails being genuine, integrated, and authentic, without a false front or facade. The person-centered therapy requires that therapist see their attitudes, behaviour and ways of acting as being more important than the techniques they use. According to Rogers, the therapeutic process is to help facilitate and provide the needed climate that is conductive to helping client become once again a fully functioning individual, which is what John requires.
During the therapeutic process John is expected to understand and recognize that he lost contact with reality and his true self hence he was incongruence. In essence the therapeutic process will afford John the possibility of choosing other ways to act and conduct himself. The process will help him to become actualized and being able once again to have an open experience, a trust in himself and the willingness to grow even more and better Corey, , p.
With John being facilitated and encouraged using the person centered approach, the tendency is there for him to be in a position to define his own goals and work towards achieving them.
It is important not to lose sight of the fact that the humanistic person-centered approach counselling has its limitations; and being aware of it should help the therapist to consider adopting a more integrated approach should the need arise.
The humanistic person centered approach to counselling has been criticized for lack of scientific evidence, because often in clinical studies, the control groups were not persons who needed therapy Corey, The person-centered techniques are complex to innovate and lack appropriate ways by which to measure its efficacy Corey, , p.
The person-centered approach has also been criticized by researchers as having methodological errors in some of the studies where it has been applied p. Cultural research studies tend to suggest that clients may prefer more structural approach than the person-centered approach Araya, , p. The therapy has been criticized for lacking in specific methodology in its use of techniques and that has impacted in its ability to standardize the treatment process. Therapist authenticity and congruence may be difficult to realize as they must find ways to express their own reactions to clients.
The more perspectives you can get, the better. Experience solving as many cases will help you improve your case interview skills. You can practice with as many cases as you like, but if you do not learn from them, you will not improve your case performance.
The more you practice, the more confident you will automatically feel. Most of these case study examples are based on case interviews used by consulting firms in real job interviews. As a result, you can have a good idea of the case study questions you can have when interviewing at these firms.
Please download the complete archive here password: thinkinsights. This is a good introduction to a very common type of case profitability, or more specifically declining sales here. I liked the solution presented for this case, in particular how it started first by isolating the problem of declining sales what range of products? Volumes or prices or both?
This is an investment case should you invest in a new bar. Even if the solution presented in this case book is not MECE, it covers the most common quantitative questions you might have in such a case. I recommend doing this case.
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